melcd

Identification Information

Citation Information

Originator	Maine Library of Geographic Information (MLGI), Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MEDEP), Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife (MEIFW), Maine Department of Transportation (MEDOT), Maine Department of Health and Human Services, Drinking Water Program (MEDHHSDWP) and the Maine State Planning Office (MESPO) with the Maine GIS Executive Council (GISEC), U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Space Imaging (SI), and Sanborn
Publication Date	20060523
Title	melcd
Geospatial Data Presentation Form	remote-sensing image
Series Name	Maine GIS
Issue Identification	SDE server; Internet Data Catalog
Publication Place	Augusta ME
Publisher	Maine Office of Geographic Information Systems (MEGIS)
Online Linkage
Online Linkage	http://megis.maine.gov/catalog/
Beginning Date	200504
Ending Date	200410
[smcisrcc]	ground condition

Abstract

Purpose

Quantify land cover features boundaries at a 5 meter spatial resolution over the State of Maine.

Supplemental Information

Image analysis techniques used in production of the map were a combination of supervised classification using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithms and spatial modeling. The use of three Landsat image dates provided the ability to discriminate specific elements of the landscape. For example; the spring imagery was useful for the classification of wetlands and the separation of conifers and broadleaf species and the fall imagery was useful for the discrimination of broadleaf species. After the creation of the NOAA C-CAP base map, Sanborn used image segmentation to refine the spatial boundaries of the land cover classes, using a merge of the Landsat leaf on imagery and the SPOT 5 imagery. The segments produced by this process were labeled using automated methods to build the final Maine land cover dataset (MeLCD). After the completion of the classification, the map was extensively reviewed by Sanborn analysts and specific classes were modeled and edited by hand to remove class confusion.

Time Period of Content

Beginning Date	199504
Ending Date	200410
Currentness Reference	ground condition

Status

Progress	Complete
Maintenance and Update Frequency	None planned

Bounding Coordinates

West Bounding Coordinate	-71.243367
East Bounding Coordinate	-66.777043
North Bounding Coordinate	47.464123
South Bounding Coordinate	42.907923

Keywords

Theme	imageryBaseMapsEarthCover (ISO Keyword Thesaurus)
Theme	landuse, landcover (Maine GIS Thesaurus-Theme)
Place	Maine, United States (Maine GIS Thesaurus-Place)
Stratum	land surface, radiance or imagery (GCMD Parameter Keyword)

Access Constraints

none

Use Constraints

Users must assume responsibility in determining the usability of this data for their purposes. Digital maps retain the accuracy of their source materials. The best use of data mapped at scales of 1:500,000 and 1:250,000 is in statewide planning and studies; at 1:100,000 in regional planning and studies; at 1:62,500 and 1:24,000 in detailed studies and local planning; and at 1:12,000 and 1:5,000 or larger scales in parcel level studies and detailed local planning. In the use of Maine GIS data, please check sources, scale, accuracy, currentness and other available information. Please confirm that you are using the correct copy of both data and metadata from the Maine GIS Data Catalog. Updates, corrections, and feedback, incorporated in the Maine GIS database are made in accordance with "Data Standards for Maine Geographic Information Systems", 2002, and coordinated by MEGIS

Contact Organization

Sanborn

Contact Position

GIS / RS Analyst

Address Type

mailing and physical address

Address

455 E Eisenhower Parkway

City

Ann Arbor

State or Province

Postal Code

48108

Country

USA

Contact Voice Telephone

734 213-1060

Contact Facsimile Telephone

734 213-1085

Hours of Service

0800 - 1600 (Monday - Friday) EST

Contact Instructions

Sanborn Solutions - www.sanborn.com

Data Set Credit

Credit should always be given to the data source and/or originator when the data is transferred or printed.

Security Classification

Unclassified

Native Data Set Environment

Microsoft Windows 2000 Version 5.0 (Build 2195) Service Pack 4; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.0.1147 and Maine Office of Information Technology (OIT) Oracle 9i, Maine Office of Geographic Information Systems (MEGIS), Maine GIS SDE, Maine GIS Internet Data Catalog http://megis.maine.gov/catalog

Attribute Accuracy Report

The MeLCD accuracy database was assembled through a combination of photo interpretation and field verified ground visits. The final accuracy database consists of a total of 1617 points. Table below shows the break out of how the accuracy assessment database was compiled.Point Type Number of PointsSanborn Supplied Field Sites 315State of Maine Supplied Field Sites 190Sanborn Photointerpreted Sites 390State of Maine Photointerpreted Sites 722Photointerpreted Site Total 1112Field Site Total 505Accuracy Site Total 1617Initially, approximately 1500 reference data sample points were selected at random in order to assist the State of Maine field crews in selecting field sites and destination planning. Field sites were visited by the State of Maine field crews in the late summer of 2005. Both photointerpreted and field sites were checked to ensure that each represented a homogenous feature on the SPOT imagery so that the points conformed to the MeLCD MMU requirements. The minimum mapping unit (MMU) used for the Accuracy Assessment refers to the requirement that an Accuracy Assessment point must fall in the center of a 0.89 acre area that consists of one and only one cover type. If these criteria are not met it will result in confusion/error caused by positional/spatial accuracy of the map rather than the thematic accuracy of the map.Fuzzy interpretations were made and added to the database when warranted and agreed to by the State of Maine, i.e. when the interpretations from the DOQQs were ambiguous. 15% of the interpretations, or 237 out of 1617. If any of the fuzzy accuracy assessment calls matched the map, then that sample would be considered a positive match. This fuzzy accuracy assessment methodology is represented in the error matrices shown in this report.

Attribute Accuracy Value

75%

Attribute Accuracy Explanation

Overall accuracy The use of fuzzy accuracy assessment methodologies are considered to be a necessary part of accuracy assessment or any sort of categorical interpretation (Congalton and Green, 1999). The MeLCD classification scheme was designed to be mutually exclusive. A given feature or area can be classified into one and only one class. Labeling of the ground features into one class can be difficult to make a positive determination from aerial photography and from the ground as well. Gopal and Woodcock (1994) state that "The assumption underlying fuzzy set theory is that the transition from membership to non-membership is seldom a step function". Therefore, a 100% Alder/Willow wetland can be easily labeled Shrub wetland and a 100% Cattail wetland can be called Emergent Wetland, a 49% shrub and 51% emergent wetland would be difficult to label definitively (Congalton and Green, 1999). In the Maine classification system, the same current status on the ground could have resulted from different causes, and as a result be classified differently. An example of this is the Heavy Cut class. An observer unaware of previous management could classify an area as shrub/scrub. That area could also be labeled as forest regeneration (based on a significant increase in canopy (1995 - 2001)) or heavy cut (based on significant decrease in canopy (1995-2001) unless the observer verified the previous conditions. Thus the need for a fuzzy accuracy assessment is pivotal to the true understanding of the accuracy of the map. (Congalton, R.G., Kass Green 1999. "Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices." CRC Press.;Gopal, S., Woodcock, C. 1994. Theory and methods for accuracy assessment of thematic maps using fuzzy sets. PERS. V60, N2, pp 181.)

Attribute Accuracy Value

dependency

Attribute Accuracy Explanation

The use of the error or confusion matrix, allows the user of the map to understand the individual map accuracies of each land cover class which are plainly described along with errors of omission (errors of exclusion) and commission (errors of inclusion) (Congalton and Green, 1999). Additionally, per class accuracies are stated as a User's and Producer's percentage. User's accuracy is defined as the proportion of pixels assigned to a class that are correctly classified. The producer's accuracy is the proportion of the land in each class was correctly identified. For example, the producer's accuracy of the Pasture/Hay is reported as 74.6% while its user's accuracy is reported as 66.7%. Meaning that although 3 times in 4 the map correctly identifies Pasture/Hay, only 2 times in 3 will the area on the map that is mapped as Pasture/Hay actually be Pasture/Hay on the ground. The other 1 out of 3 times it would probably be cultivated crops or grassland/herbaceous. (Congalton, R.G., Kass Green 1999. "Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices." CRC Press.)

Attribute Accuracy Value

unknown

Attribute Accuracy Explanation

It also must be noted that observations on the clear cut class (cut between 2001 - 2004) and forest regeneration class can not be made due to the lack of sufficient number of reference points to predict the class's accuracy with a reasonable degree of certainty. It is generally accepted that a minimum number of 30 points per class are needed to reliably predict the accuracy of any particular class. The low number of samples for these classes is due to either very few areas of that particular class exist, or that areas of the particular class were geographically clustered in a small area and not distributed over the state. While the accuracies for the above classes can not be predicted with certainty, their reference data are still reported as a factor in the maps overall accuracy.

Completeness Report

MELCD is complete.

Horizontal Positional Accuracy Report

Horizontal accuracy is based on the accuracy of the underlying SPOT 5 data, which is < 15m error 95% of the time.

Horizontal Positional Accuracy Value

Horizontal Positional Accuracy Explanation

Horizontal accuracy is based on the accuracy of the underlying SPOT 5 data, which is < 15m error 95% of the time.

Citation Information

Originator	Spot Image Corporation (SPOTCORP)
Publication Time	Unknown
Title	(SPOT) SPOT Satellites and Geospatial Products
Geospatial Data Presentation Form	remote-sensing image
Series Name	SPOT Satellites
Issue Identification	SPOT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Other Citation Details	Four SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) satellites have been launched since 1986. Each satellite carries two electro-optical sensors. The panchromatic sensor acquires single-band imagery in 10-meter spatial resolution, while the multispectral sensor captures 20-meter imagery in three wavelengths-visible green, visible red, and near infrared. On March 23, 1998, SPOT4 was launched with two additional capabilities: image acquisition in the middle infrared wave length band, and the "Vegetation" sensor for daily monitoring of the entire Earth at 1km resolution. The "adjustable viewing angles" on the sensors allow SPOT to acquire side-to-side stereoscopic imagery for three-dimensional surface viewing. This also allows SPOT to acquire repeat imagery of any point on the earth every day. On board recorders store image data for later transmission when the satellites are out of ground station receiving range. SPOT 1, 2 and 4 continue providing commercial service. SPOT 5, scheduled for launch in 2001, includes major advancements: panchromatic imagery with 2.5 meter resolution in a 60x60 kilometer scene size; a "fore-aft" sensor suite for stereo image acquisition to produce high-quality digital elevation models; additional imaging modes -5m panchromatic, 10m multispectral/4 band, 120 km swath width. SPOT Image Corporation; Background Information; Satellites and Geospatial Products; MK020SHE RVS000 11/10/99
[smcilnkh]	false
[smcisrcm]	filmstrip
Beginning Date	1986
Beginning Time	Unknown
Ending Date	Present
Ending Time	Unknown
[smcisrcc]	ground condition

Type of Source Media

filmstrip

Beginning Date

1986

Beginning Time

Unknown

Ending Date

Present

Ending Time

Unknown

Source Currentness Reference

ground condition

Source Citation Abbreviation

spot05

Source Contribution

This land cover map was refined to the State of Maine requirements using NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (CCAP) SPOT 5 panchromatic imagery from 2004.

Citation Information

Originator	U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
Publication Date	19970514
Title	doqq
Series Name	USGS Aerial Photography
Issue Identification	Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles
Publication Place	Menlo Park, CA USA
Publisher	U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Geological Survey
Other Citation Details	1:12000 A digital orthophoto is a computer-generated image of an aerial photograph in which the image displacement caused by terrain relief and camera tilt has been removed.A digital orthophoto can be incorporated into any geographic information system (GIS) that can manipulate raster images. It can function as a cartographic base for displaying, generating, and modifying associated digital planimetric data. Other applications include vegetation and timber management, routing and habitat analysis, environmental impact assessments, emergency evacuation planning, flood analysis, soil erosion assessment, facility management, and groundwater and watershed analysis. The accuracy and extraordinary detail provided by the digital orthophoto allow users to evaluate their data for accuracy and completeness, make real-time modifications to their data, and even generate new files.DOQQ is a mosaic of digital orthophoto quarter quadrangles stored in a Maine Office of Geographic Information Systems (MEGIS) Oracle/ArcSDE environment. The digital orthophoto quarter quadrangles that form the mosaic are available for download from the Maine GIS Internet Data Catalog in compressed MrSID format in 7.5 minute quadrangle map extent. Compression with LizardTech's MrSID software creates two files a .sid image and an .sdw file georeferencing file, approximate size of the download is 12MB, one sixteenth of the uncompressed DOQQ image.
Beginning Date	19960507
Beginning Time	Unknown
Ending Date	19990610
Ending Time	Unknown
[smcisrcc]	ground condition

Source Scale Denominator

12000

Type of Source Media

online

Beginning Date

19960507

Beginning Time

Unknown

Ending Date

19990610

Ending Time

Unknown

Source Currentness Reference

ground condition

Source Citation Abbreviation

doqq

Source Contribution

Fuzzy interpretations were made and added to the database when warranted and agreed to by the State of Maine, i.e. when the interpretations from the DOQQs were ambiguous.

Citation Information

Originator	U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC)
Publication Date	19820716
Publication Time	Unknown
Title	(LANDSATTM) Landsat Thematic Mapper Imagery
Geospatial Data Presentation Form	remote sensing image
Series Name	National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive
Issue Identification	LANDSAT
Publication Place	Sioux Falls SD
Publisher	U.S. Geological Survey EROS Data Center
Other Citation Details	On July 23, 1972, NASA launched the first in a series of satellites designed to provide repetitive global coverage of the Earth's land masses. When operational orbit was achieved, it was designated ERTS-1(later rename Landsat 1). The satellite ceased to operate on January 6, 1978, more than 5 years after its launch date. The second in this series of Earth resources satellites (designated ERTS-B renamed Landsat 2) was launched January 22, 1975. Three additional Landsats were launched in 1978, 1982, and 1984 (Landsats 3, 4, and 5 respectively). Each successive satellite system had improved sensor and communications capabilities. Landsat data have been used by government, commercial, industrial, civilian, and educational communities in the U.S. and worldwide. They are being used to support a wide range of applications in such areas as global change research, agriculture, forestry, geology, resources management, geography, mapping, water quality, and oceanography. Landsat data have potential applications for monitoring the conditions of the Earth's land surface. The images can be used to map anthropogenic and natural changes on the Earth over periods of several months to more than 15 years. The types of changes that can be identified include agricultural development, deforestation, natural disasters, urbanization, and the development and degradation of water resources. Landsats 4 and 5 carry both the multispectral (MSS) and the thematic mapper (TM) sensors; however, routine collection of MSS data was terminated in late 1992. The MSS and TM sensors primarily detect reflected radiation from the Earth surface in the visible and near-infrared (IR) wavelengths, but the TM sensor provides more radiometric information than the MSS sensor. The TM sensor has a spatial resolution of 30 meters for the visible, near-IR, and mid-IR wavelengths and a spatial resolution of 120 meters for the thermal-IR band. Paths 10 through 13 and Rows 27 through 30 cover Maine.
Online Linkage	http://edc.usgs.gov/Webglis/glisbin/guide.pl/glis/hyper/guide/landsat_tm
[smcilnkh]	false
Beginning Date	19820726
Beginning Time	Unknown
Ending Date	Present
Ending Time	Unknown
[smcisrcc]	publication date

Beginning Date

19820726

Beginning Time

Unknown

Ending Date

Present

Ending Time

Unknown

Source Currentness Reference

publication date

Source Citation Abbreviation

landsattm

Source Contribution

The MELCD land cover map was primarily derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 and 7 imagery, from the years 1999-2001.

Process Description

MELCD is a land cover map for Maine primarily derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper 5 and 7 imagery, from the years 1999-2001. This imagery constitutes the basis for the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD 2001) and the NOAA Coastal Change Analysis Program (C-CAP). This land cover map was refined to the State of Maine requirements using SPOT 5 panchromatic imagery from 2004. The Landsat imagery used was for three seasons: early spring (leaf-off), summer, and early fall (senescence) and was collected with a spatial resolution of 30 m. The SPOT 5 panchromatic imagery was collected at a spatial resolution of 5 m during the spring and summer months of 2004. The map was developed in two distinct stages, the first stage was the development of a state wide land cover data set consistent with the NOAAC-CAP land cover map. The second stage was: a) the update to 2004 conditions, b) a refinement of the classification system to Maine specific classes and, c) a refinement of the spatial boundaries to create a polygon map based on 5 m imagery.Image analysis techniques used in production of the map were a combination of supervised classification using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithms and spatial modeling. The use of three Landsat image dates provided the ability to discriminate specific elements of the landscape. For example; the spring imagery was useful for the classification of wetlands and the separation of conifers and broadleaf species and the fall imagery was useful for the discrimination of broadleaf species. After the creation of the NOAA C-CAP base map, Sanborn used image segmentation to refine the spatial boundaries of the land cover classes, using a merge of the Landsat leaf on imagery and the SPOT 5 imagery. The segments produced by this process were labeled using automated methods to build the final Maine land cover dataset (MeLCD). After the completion of the classification, the map was extensively reviewed by Sanborn analysts and specific classes were modeled and edited by hand to remove class confusion.

Process Date

20041111

Contact Organization

Sanborn

Contact Position

GIS / RS Analyst

Address Type

mailing and physical address

Address

455 E Eisenhower Parkway

City

Ann Arbor

State or Province

Postal Code

48108

Country

USA

Contact Voice Telephone

734 213-1060

Contact Facsimile Telephone

734 213-1085

Hours of Service

0800 - 1600 (Monday - Friday) EST

Contact Instructions

Sanborn Solutions - www.sanborn.com

Cloud Cover

Direct Spatial Reference Method

Raster

Grid Coordinate System Name

UTM Zone Number

Scale Factor at Central Meridian

0.9996

Longitude of Central Meridian

-69

Latitude of Projection Origin

False Easting

500000

False Northing

Planar Coordinate Encoding Method

Abscissa Resolution

Ordinate Resolution

Planar Distance Units

Horizontal Datum Name

North American Datum of 1983

Ellipsoid Name

Geodetic Reference System 80

Semi-major Axis

6378137

Denominator of Flattening Ratio

298.257

Entity Type Label

MELCD

Entity Type Definition

value attribute table

Entity Type Definition Source

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI)

Attribute Label

Count

Beginning Date of Attribute Values

Attribute Label

Value

Attribute Definition

Classification

Enumerated Domain Value